Varroosis, Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans ad\u0131 verilen ar\u0131 akar\u0131n\u0131n sebep oldu\u011fu; ar\u0131larda kanat ve bacaklarda deformasyon, k\u0131sa bacakl\u0131l\u0131k, k\u0131sa kar\u0131nl\u0131l\u0131k gibi v\u00fccut anomalileri ve ergin ar\u0131larda d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fck, verim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi semptomlarla kovanlarda s\u00f6nmeye varan etkiler olu\u015fturan, kolayl\u0131kla bir kovandan di\u011ferine bula\u015fabilen, di\u011fer hastal\u0131klara zemin haz\u0131rlamas\u0131 ile de olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nem arz eden bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Varroosis, ihbar\u0131 mecburi hastal\u0131klardand\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Varroan\u0131n di\u015fisi oval g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmde ve koyu kahve renktedir. V\u00fccut uzunlu\u011fu 1.1-1.3 mm, eni ise 1.5-1.7 mm aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. V\u00fccudun alt kenar\u0131 4 \u00e7ift bacak ile \u00e7evrilidir. A\u011f\u0131z yap\u0131s\u0131 sokucu ve emicidir. Gerek ergin gerekse larva ve pupa d\u00f6neminde ar\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131n\u0131 emerek beslenir. Bu nedenle ar\u0131ya her d\u00f6nemde zarar verir. Erkek varroa, sar\u0131-gri renkte yuvarlak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc, di\u015fi varroaya oranla daha yumu\u015fak bir kitin ile kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Erkek varroalar di\u015fi ile \u00e7iftle\u015fme sonras\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcklerinden yeti\u015fkin ar\u0131 \u00fczerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmezler.<\/p>\n
Varroan\u0131n kolonilerde \u00fcremesi ilkbahar kulu\u00e7ka faaliyetiyle birlikte ba\u015flar. Sonbaharda bu faaliyetin sona ermesine kadar s\u00fcrer. K\u0131\u015f\u0131 yaln\u0131zca ergin di\u015filer ge\u00e7irir. Varroan\u0131n \u00fcreme ve geli\u015fmesi kapal\u0131 yavru g\u00f6zlerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Ergin di\u015filer yavru g\u00f6zlerinin kapanmas\u0131ndan hemen \u00f6nce bu g\u00f6zlere girerek iki g\u00fcn sonra yumurta b\u0131rakmaya ba\u015flarlar. \u0130lk 24 saatte yumurtalardan 6 bacakl\u0131 larvalar \u00e7\u0131kar ve t\u00fcm geli\u015fim erkeklerde 6-7 g\u00fcnde, di\u015filerde ise 8-10 g\u00fcnde tamamlanmaktad\u0131r. Geli\u015fimini tamamlayan varroalar kapal\u0131 yavru g\u00f6z\u00fc i\u00e7inde \u00e7iftle\u015firler. \u00c7iftle\u015fmeden hemen sonra erkek \u00f6l\u00fcr. Di\u015filer ise beslenmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrerek ar\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6zden \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ile birlikte g\u00f6z\u00fc terk ederler.<\/p>\n
HASTALI\u011eIN KOVANDA YAPTI\u011eI ZARARLAR<\/p>\n
a) Varroa, larva, pupa ve erginlerin hemolenfleri ile beslendi\u011finden, yavru ar\u0131lar iyi geli\u015femez, erginler ise g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczd\u00fcr ve u\u00e7amazlar. Parazitten kurtulmak i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131n\u0131r ve huzursuz olurlar.<\/p>\n
b) Ar\u0131 ailesindeki erkek ar\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 belirgin bir \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015fer. Erkek ar\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7iftle\u015fme yetene\u011fi azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
c) Ana ve i\u015f\u00e7i ar\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6m\u00fcrleri k\u0131sal\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i ar\u0131lar normalden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olur. \u00f6zellikle pupa d\u00f6neminde \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde canl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kayb\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n
d) G\u00f6zden \u00e7\u0131kan gen\u00e7 ar\u0131larda kanats\u0131zl\u0131k, tek veya k\u0131sa kanatl\u0131l\u0131k, eksik bacak, k\u0131sa kar\u0131n gibi anomaliler g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
e) \u0130\u015f\u00e7i ar\u0131lar\u0131n yavru bak\u0131m\u0131 zay\u0131flar ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak anan\u0131n yumurtlama kapasitesi azal\u0131r<\/p>\n
f) Petek g\u00f6zlerinde \u00f6l\u00fc larva say\u0131s\u0131 fazla ise, ar\u0131lar bunlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131 atamazlar. Bu nedenle g\u00f6zlerde kuruyan larvalar Avrupa Yavru \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc benzeri belirtileri olu\u015ftururlar. Ancak koku yoktur, m\u00fch\u00fcrlenmi\u015f petek g\u00f6zlerinin kapaklar\u0131 koyu renklidir, delikler olu\u015fmu\u015ftur fakat i\u00e7eriye \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fck de\u011fildir ve \u00e7evresi beyazla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
g) Varroa’lar\u0131n beslenmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 yaralar, \u00e7e\u015fitli hastal\u0131k etkenleri i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli bir ortam olu\u015fturur. Ar\u0131lar\u0131n hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 direnci de azal\u0131r. \u00f6zellikle diren\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc sonras\u0131 meydana gelen akut paralizis vir\u00fcs\u00fcne duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.<\/p>\n
h) Varroa’dan dolay\u0131 zay\u0131f d\u00fc\u015fen koloniler ya\u011fmalan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
\u0131) Ar\u0131lar huzursuz olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in bazen k\u0131\u015f salk\u0131m\u0131 yapamazlar.<\/p>\n
HASTALI\u011eIN TE?\u00fbH\u0130S\u0130<\/p>\n
Varroa jacobsoni i\u015f\u00e7i, erkek, krali\u00e7e (ana) ar\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fczerinde, \u00fcreme g\u00f6zesinde, balmumu art\u0131klar\u0131 ya da polende, kovan\u0131n zemini ve u\u00e7u\u015f yerinde aranmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Varroa ile bula\u015f\u0131k kolonilerde hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde genellikle \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00f6nem g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Birinci d\u00f6nem; Kolonide \u00e7ok az say\u0131da parazit vard\u0131r ve herhangi bir hastal\u0131k belirtisi g\u00f6r\u00fclmez.<\/p>\n
\u0130kinci d\u00f6nem; Nisbeten daha k\u0131sa s\u00fcrelidir ve bu d\u00f6nemde tek t\u00fck Varroa’lar g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flar, ancak bu durum kovanda \u00e7ok say\u0131da parazit olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Kolonide huzursuzluk, verimde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fck, kanatlarda atrofi, kar\u0131nda siyahla\u015fma gibi belirtiler dikkati \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n
\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00f6nem; Art\u0131k ileri bir enfestasyon ve hastal\u0131k tablosu s\u00f6z konusudur. Hemen hemen her ar\u0131da bir veya daha fazla say\u0131da parazit mevcuttur. Yavru ve erginlerde \u00f6l\u00fcm y\u00fcksek oranda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu durumdaki koloniler genellikle s\u00f6nerler.<\/p>\n
Klinik muayenede uygulanan metotlar;<\/p>\n
a) Canl\u0131 ergin ar\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fczerleri, kapal\u0131 yavru g\u00f6zleri (\u00f6zellikle erkek ar\u0131 g\u00f6zleri), kovan dip tahtas\u0131 ile \u00fczerindeki balmumu ve di\u011fer art\u0131klar dikkatli bir \u015fekilde kontrol edilmelidir. Dikkatlice incelenecek olursa, parazitleri ergin ar\u0131lar \u00fczerinde g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
b) Pratikte uygulamas\u0131 \u00e7ok kolay olan kesin te\u015fhis y\u00f6ntemleri \u015funlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kovan a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra kovan\u0131n orta \u00e7er\u00e7evelerinden biri al\u0131narak, bo\u015f bir yem \u00e7uval\u0131 veya bez \u00fczerine ar\u0131c\u0131 f\u0131r\u00e7as\u0131 ile yakla\u015f\u0131k 150-200 adet ar\u0131 silkelenir. Oradan da bo\u015f bir kavanoza ar\u0131lar aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Kavanozun i\u00e7ine biraz eter p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcl\u00fcr ve 5-10 dk. kavanoz \u00e7alkalan\u0131r. Ar\u0131larda bulunan Varroa’lar ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar ve bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kavanozun i\u00e7 y\u00fczeyine yap\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u00f6len ar\u0131lar beyaz bir ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. Ar\u0131lar ve Varroa’lar say\u0131larak ar\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen akar say\u0131s\u0131 da saptan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Di\u011fer bir y\u00f6ntem de, 150-200 adet ar\u0131, i\u00e7inde s\u0131cak su (50\u00b0C) bulunankavanoza konur, arada bir \u00e7alkalan\u0131r, yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 dakika sonra ar\u0131lar kavanozdan al\u0131n\u0131r. Kalan tortu parazitler y\u00f6n\u00fcnden kontrol edilir.<\/p>\n
c) Ergin ar\u0131 \u00f6rnekleri al\u0131narak i\u00e7erisinde deterjan sol\u00fcsyonu, hexane, gazya\u011f\u0131, mazot, ethanol veya alkol gibi maddelerden birisi bulunan bir kavanoz i\u00e7ine konur. 1-30 dakika kadar kavanoz \u00e7alkaland\u0131ktan sonra ar\u0131lar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r ve kavanozdaki mayi t\u00fclbent \u00fczerine d\u00f6k\u00fclerek s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr. T\u00fclbent \u00fczerindeki akarlar al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemle de ar\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen akar say\u0131s\u0131 saptanabilir.<\/p>\n
d) Kovan\u0131n dip tahtas\u0131 \u00fczerindeki d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fclerden akar\u0131n kolayca ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak \u00fczere, \u00f6zg\u00fcl a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sudan hafif olan yemeklik s\u0131v\u0131 ya\u011flardan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Bir kavanoz i\u00e7inde bulunan s\u0131v\u0131 ya\u011fa kovan dip tahtas\u0131ndaki art\u0131klar (1 k\u0131s\u0131m d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc, 10 k\u0131s\u0131m ya\u011f i\u00e7ine bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131p bir \u00e7ubukla iyice kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r) at\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7e\u015fitli art\u0131klar h\u0131zla dibe \u00e7\u00f6kerken, V.jacobsoni, Braula coeca ve baz\u0131 kitinli par\u00e7alar ya\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerinde toplan\u0131r. Belirli d\u00f6nemlerde kovan dip tahtas\u0131, balmumu art\u0131klar\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fc ar\u0131lar dikkatlice mikroskop alt\u0131nda veya b\u00fcy\u00fcte\u00e7le incelenmelidir.<\/p>\n
e) Kapal\u0131 yavru g\u00f6zlerinde Varroa bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek i\u00e7in, erkek ve i\u015f\u00e7i ar\u0131 g\u00f6zleri ince u\u00e7lu bir pensle a\u00e7\u0131larak larvalar dikkatlice d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fcte\u00e7 yard\u0131m\u0131yla larvalar ve petek g\u00f6zleri incelenir. B\u00f6ylece Varroa’n\u0131n geli\u015fme d\u00f6nemleri de (larva, protonimf, deutonimf) g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n
f) Kovanda bal olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde bir tabaka beyaz karton veya plastik ile delik b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 2 mm veya biraz daha b\u00fcy\u00fck kafes teli, aralar\u0131nda 6 mm kalacak ve kafes teli \u00fcstte olacak \u015fekilde tutturulur ve bir \u00e7er\u00e7eveye ba\u011flan\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7eve larva bulunan peteklerin alt\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilir. Fumigant bir akarisit kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan 30-40 dakika sonra yeti\u015fkin ar\u0131lar\u0131n v\u00fccudunda, \u00fcreme g\u00f6zlerinde, balmumu art\u0131klar\u0131nda, kovan\u0131n di\u011fer art\u0131klar\u0131nda ve kovan taban\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilen beyaz karton \u00fczerinde parazit aranmal\u0131d\u0131r. Varsa \u00f6l\u00fc akarlar kafes telindeki deliklerden ge\u00e7er ve ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015ferler. Kafes telinin g\u00f6revi ar\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fen akarlar\u0131 temizlemesine engel olmakt\u0131r. B\u00f6yle uygulamalar akar \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin \u00e7ok oldu\u011fu sonbahar ve yaz aylar\u0131nda iyi sonu\u00e7 vermektedir. Ayr\u0131ca bu y\u00f6ntemle, enfestasyonun az oldu\u011fu kolonilerdeki parazitlerin tespiti de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmaktad\u0131r. Bu sonuncu uygulama, yaz aylar\u0131nda ar\u0131lar kovana girdikten sonra ak\u015fam saatlerinde yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ertesi g\u00fcn, ka\u011f\u0131t ve kafes telinin tutturuldu\u011fu \u00e7er\u00e7eve \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak \u00f6l\u00fc akarlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilir.<\/p>\n
TEDAV\u0130<\/p>\n
Varroa’n\u0131n gerek yay\u0131lma yollar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7oklu\u011fu, gerekse koloni biyolojisine \u00e7ok iyi adapte olu\u015fu m\u00fccadeleyi zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Parazitle m\u00fccadelede fiziksel, biyolojik ve kimyasal \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemler denenmektedir. Fiziksel ve biyolojik m\u00fccadele ar\u0131lar\u0131n kovana bal nektar\u0131 getirdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemde, kimyasal m\u00fccadele ise bal\u0131n hasad\u0131ndan sonra, yavrunun en az oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
a) Fiziksel M\u00fccadele:<\/p>\n
Fiziksel m\u00fccadele, Varroa’lar\u0131n kovan i\u00e7i uygun ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 belirli bir s\u00fcre de\u011fi\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla uygulanan \u0131s\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00f6zel haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f kovanlarda kovan s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapay yollarla, kontroll\u00fc olarak 46\u00b0C’ye \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, akar bu s\u0131cakl\u0131kta %74-98 oran\u0131nda \u00f6lerek, kovan dip tahtas\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Kimyasal bir bile\u015fik kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131, balda kal\u0131nt\u0131 sorununu ortadan kald\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bu y\u00f6ntem pahal\u0131 ve dikkat isteyen, herkesin kolayl\u0131kla uygulayabilece\u011fi bir y\u00f6ntem de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
b) Biyolojik M\u00fccadele:<\/p>\n
Bilindi\u011fi gibi di\u015fi varroalar ilkbahar d\u00f6neminde yumurta atmak i\u00e7in erkek ar\u0131 g\u00f6zlerini tercih ederler. Bu d\u00f6nemde kolonilere \u00fczerinde erkek ar\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fc bulunan petekler verilerek di\u015fi varroalar\u0131n erkek ar\u0131 g\u00f6zlerinde toplanmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6zler kapand\u0131ktan sonra kovandan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131larak imha edilir. B\u00f6ylece di\u015fi varroan\u0131n bu d\u00f6nemde att\u0131\u011f\u0131 yumurtalar ve kendisi erkek ar\u0131 pupalar\u0131 ile birlikte yok edilmi\u015f olur. Bu d\u00f6nemde koloniye yar\u0131s\u0131 kesilmi\u015f petekli \u00e7er\u00e7eve verildi\u011finde, ar\u0131lar pete\u011fin alt k\u0131sm\u0131na erkek ar\u0131 g\u00f6zl\u00fc yeni petek \u00f6rerek tamamlarlar. Varroalar erkek ar\u0131 g\u00f6zlerinde \u00e7o\u011falmay\u0131 tercih ettiklerinden g\u00f6zlerin kapanmas\u0131ndan hemen \u00f6nce bu g\u00f6zlere girerler. Bu g\u00f6zlerin kapanmas\u0131ndan sonra erkek ar\u0131 g\u00f6zl\u00fc petek kesilerek imha edilir. Bu y\u00f6ntemle kolonideki varroa miktar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u015f\u00e7i ar\u0131 g\u00f6zlerinde de \u00e7o\u011falan varroalar etkinli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Bir ba\u015fka m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemi, nektar ak\u0131m\u0131 d\u00f6neminde i\u015f\u00e7i ar\u0131 g\u00f6zleri i\u00e7erisine b\u0131rak\u0131lan varroa yumurtalar\u0131n\u0131 yok etmeye y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemde, koloninin ana ar\u0131s\u0131 ana ar\u0131 \u0131zgaras\u0131 kullan\u0131larak bir \u00e7er\u00e7eveye hapsedilir ve b\u00f6ylelikle b\u00fct\u00fcn varroa yumurtalar\u0131n\u0131n bir petekte toplanmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r. Bu petek kapal\u0131 yavru d\u00f6neminde kovandan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131larak imha edildi\u011finde kovandaki varroa yumurtalar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 yok edilmi\u015f olur. Bu y\u00f6ntemin dezavantaj\u0131 her d\u00f6nemde uygulanamamas\u0131 ve koloni geli\u015fimini k\u0131smen engellemesidir.<\/p>\n
c) Kimyasal M\u00fccadele :<\/p>\n
Akarisid \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip \u00e7e\u015fitli kimyasal maddelerle yap\u0131lan m\u00fccadeledir. \u0130la\u00e7 uygulamalar\u0131nda \u015fu noktalara dikkat edilmelidir.<\/p>\n
a) Laboratuvar testlerinden ge\u00e7irilmemi\u015f, ar\u0131 ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde olumsuz etkisi olan kimyasal maddeler kullan\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/p>\n
b) \u0130la\u00e7lar mutlaka tarif edildi\u011fi \u015fekilde ve uygun dozda kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/p>\n
c) Bal hasat\u0131 d\u00f6neminde kesinlikle ila\u00e7lama yap\u0131lmamal\u0131, erken ilkbahar ve ge\u00e7 sonbaharda ila\u00e7lama yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
d) \u0130la\u00e7lama genellikle hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 14\u00b0 C’n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu g\u00fcnlerde ve ar\u0131lar\u0131n kovana d\u00f6nd\u00fckleri tercihen ak\u015fam saatlerinde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r,<\/p>\n
e) Kovanda b\u00f6lme tahtalar\u0131 varsa ila\u00e7lama s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131larak ar\u0131lar\u0131n serbest hareket etmeleri sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r, Fumigant \u015feritlerin alevli yanmamas\u0131na dikkat edilmeli, uygulama s\u0131ras\u0131nda maske, eldiven, g\u00f6zl\u00fck tak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu kapsamda erken ilkbahar ve \u00f6zellikle ge\u00e7 sonbahar d\u00f6neminde Tar\u0131m ve K\u00f6yi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bal ar\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in bu ama\u00e7la ruhsatland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve veteriner hekim re\u00e7etesi ile sat\u0131lacak ila\u00e7lar kullan\u0131lmak suretiyle d\u00fczenli ila\u00e7lama yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde balda ila\u00e7 kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en aza indirgenmesi de temin edilmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131ca co\u011frafi durum ve iklim \u015fartlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki t\u00fcm ar\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n da e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak ila\u00e7lanmas\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131 ve bu denetlenmelidir.<\/p>\n
M\u00fcnavebeli olarak ila\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131, Varroalar\u0131n bu kimyasallara diren\u00e7 kazanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, az say\u0131daki akar\u0131n diren\u00e7lili\u011fi bile diren\u00e7li pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olabilmektedir.<\/p>\n
LABORATUVARA MARAZ\u0130 MADDE G\u00f6NDERME<\/p>\n
Hastal\u0131ktan \u015f\u00fcpheli \u00e7er\u00e7evelerden 10×10 cm. ebad\u0131nda usul\u00fcne uygun olarak kesilmi\u015f tercihen kapal\u0131 yavru g\u00f6zlerinin bulundu\u011fu petek par\u00e7alar\u0131, kontrplaktan veya tahtadan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kutularda, hasta ve \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ar\u0131lar ile kovanlardan toplanan art\u0131k maddeler (dip tahtas\u0131 \u00fczerindeki d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fclerden toplam 200 gr. olmak \u00fczere) ise ka\u011f\u0131tlara sar\u0131larak laboratuvara yollanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yaz aylar\u0131nda ve sonbaharda 10-20 kovan\u0131n orta \u00e7er\u00e7eveleri \u00fczerinde bulunan ar\u0131lardan 100-200 kadar canl\u0131 eri\u015fkin ar\u0131, ar\u0131c\u0131 f\u0131r\u00e7as\u0131 ile plastik veya cam benzeri uygun bir kavanoza konularak ve laboratuvara g\u00f6nderilmelidir.<\/p>\n
(KAYNAK: Bal Ar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Varroosis’ine Kar\u015f\u0131 Korunma ve M\u00fccadele Talimat\u0131) <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Varroosis, Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans ad\u0131 verilen ar\u0131 akar\u0131n\u0131n sebep oldu\u011fu; ar\u0131larda kanat ve bacaklarda deformasyon, k\u0131sa bacakl\u0131l\u0131k, k\u0131sa kar\u0131nl\u0131l\u0131k gibi v\u00fccut anomalileri ve ergin ar\u0131larda d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fck, verim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi semptomlarla kovanlarda s\u00f6nmeye varan etkiler olu\u015fturan, kolayl\u0131kla bir kovandan di\u011ferine bula\u015fabilen, di\u011fer hastal\u0131klara zemin haz\u0131rlamas\u0131 ile de olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nem arz eden bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Varroosis, ihbar\u0131 mecburi …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12120","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-ari-hastaliklari"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12120","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12120"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12120\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12121,"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12120\/revisions\/12121"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12120"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12120"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12120"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}