Amerikan Yavru \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (AY\u00c7), ar\u0131lar\u0131n yavru hastal\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde olduk\u00e7a bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her taraf\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen, \u00f6nemli ve en tehlikeli bakteriyel hastal\u0131klar\u0131ndan biridir. Yavru ar\u0131larda Paenibacillus larvae taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan infeksiy\u00f6z, olduk\u00e7a bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Amerikan yavru \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hemen her \u00fclkede; \u0130hbar\u0131 Mecburi Hastal\u0131klar aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bir yerde salg\u0131n bir ar\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haber alanlar 3285 Say\u0131l\u0131 Hayvan Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Zab\u0131tas\u0131 Kanunun 9 ve 10 uncu maddesine g\u00f6re illerde Bakanl\u0131k \u0130l M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, il\u00e7elerde \u0130l\u00e7e M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne derhal bildirir.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada oldu\u011fu gibi \u00fclkemizde de ar\u0131lar\u0131n en tehlikeli ve bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Amerikan Yavru \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bildirilmektedir. Zamanla tedbir al\u0131nmazsa koloniyi (ana ar\u0131s\u0131 bulunan ve minimum
\n10-14 bin adet i\u015f\u00e7i ar\u0131s\u0131 bulunan ar\u0131 ailesini) \u00f6ld\u00fcrebilir hatta t\u00fcm koloniler ve di\u011fer ar\u0131l\u0131klara (kolonilerin bir arada bulundu\u011fu mekan) bula\u015fabilirler.<\/p>\n
HASTALI\u011eIN YAYILMASI<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fl\u0131ca bula\u015fma nedenleri \u015funlard\u0131r;
\na) Sterilize edilmemi\u015f temel petekler,
\nb) Ar\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n bizzat kendileri,
\nc) Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc alet ve ekipmanlar\u0131,
\nd) Hastal\u0131kl\u0131 kovandan \u00e7er\u00e7eve al\u0131p sa\u011flam kovanlara verilmesi,
\ne) O\u011ful ar\u0131lar\u0131 ile temel petekte kolonilerin birle\u015fmesi,
\nf) Hastal\u0131k etkeni ta\u015f\u0131yan ergin ar\u0131lar,
\ng) Ya\u011fmac\u0131l\u0131k,
\nh) Sa\u011flam ar\u0131lar\u0131n hastal\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere girmesi,
\n\u0131) Hastal\u0131kl\u0131 bula\u015f\u0131k eski kovanlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131,
\ni) Bal,
\nj) Ana ar\u0131
\nPetek ve bal hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bula\u015f\u0131k bal ile beslenen ar\u0131lar larvalar\u0131 enfekte edebilmektedir.<\/p>\n
HASTALI\u011eIN TE?\u00fbH\u0130S\u0130<\/p>\n
Kuvvetli kolonilerde yeni bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n fark\u0131na varmak \u00e7ok zordur. Hastal\u0131k ilerledik\u00e7e kolonide s\u00fcrekli bir ar\u0131 azalmas\u0131 g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpar. \u00f6nceleri \u00e7ok istekli ve canl\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan koloninin, ar\u0131lar\u0131n azalmas\u0131 ile u\u00e7u\u015f deli\u011fi \u00f6n\u00fcndeki canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azal\u0131r. Ar\u0131lar u\u00e7u\u015f tahtas\u0131 \u00fczerinde veya u\u00e7u\u015f deli\u011fi \u00f6n\u00fcnde \u015fa\u015f\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve ne yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmez bir \u015fekilde isteksizce gezinirler.<\/p>\n
a) Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olan larva, \u00f6nce petek g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn taban\u0131nda “C” harfi \u015feklinde geli\u015fir. Larva enfekte oldu\u011fu zaman morfolojik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kaybederek h\u00fccreyi dolduracak \u015fekilde yukar\u0131 do\u011fru yerle\u015fir ve bu pozisyonda \u00f6l\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
b) \u00f6l\u00fc larvalar \u00f6nce donuk beyaz, a\u00e7\u0131k kahve, koyu kahve ve sonunda siyah renge d\u00f6nerler.<\/p>\n
c) \u00f6l\u00fc larva \u00e7ikolata rengi ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir kibrit \u00e7\u00f6p\u00fc sokulup \u00e7ekilirse iplik \u015feklinde 2.5-10 cm kadar uzar.<\/p>\n
d) Baz\u0131 g\u00f6zlerde \u00f6l\u00fc yavru kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fcn alt y\u00fczeyinde d\u00fczg\u00fcnce uzanm\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6ze yap\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
e) Yavru, pupa d\u00f6neminde \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015fse petek g\u00f6z\u00fc kapa\u011f\u0131 (Operkulum) yava\u015f\u00e7a kald\u0131r\u0131lacak olursa ar\u0131n\u0131n dilinin yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru kalk\u0131k ve genellikle g\u00f6z\u00fcn alt \u00fcst i\u00e7 y\u00fczeyine de\u011fecek bi\u00e7imde sertle\u015fmi\u015f bir vaziyette oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
f) Kovan kapa\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tutkal kokusu yada bozuk bal\u0131k kokusu alg\u0131lan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
g) Hastal\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evelerin yavrulu g\u00f6zleri gayr\u0131 muntazam olup, \u00fczeri a\u00e7\u0131k ve kapal\u0131 petek g\u00f6zleri ile alacal\u0131 bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm arz eder. \u00c7ok say\u0131da yavrusuz g\u00f6z vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
h) Kapal\u0131 g\u00f6zlerde kapa\u011f\u0131n renkleri solmu\u015f, i\u00e7eri do\u011fru \u00e7ukurla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, toplu i\u011fne ba\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde delinmi\u015f bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm vard\u0131r. Larva d\u00f6neminde \u00f6lmekle birlikte, \u00f6l\u00fc yavrular daha ziyade m\u00fch\u00fcrlenmi\u015f g\u00f6zlerde bulunurlar. Yavru, prepupa ve pupa d\u00f6nemindedir.<\/p>\n
HASTALI\u011eIN TEDAV\u0130S\u0130<\/p>\n
Hastal\u0131k yeni ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve hemen fark\u0131na var\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ise, ila\u00e7la tedavisi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmektedir. Bu durumda koloni, dezenfektan olarak kullan\u0131lan baz\u0131 kimyasal maddelerin yard\u0131m\u0131 ve ila\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131lan baz\u0131 antibiyotiklerle tedavi edilebilir.<\/p>\n
Dezenfektan Maddeler<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan dezenfektan maddeler ve \u00f6zelliklerini s\u0131ralayacak olursak;<\/p>\n
a) Potasyum hipoklorit (KClO) : \u00c7ama\u015f\u0131r sodas\u0131 olarak da bilinir. Metal \u015furupluklar, el demiri, k\u00f6r\u00fck, ana ar\u0131 \u0131zgaras\u0131, maske, eldiven v.b. gibi malzemeler, 5 lt kaynar suya kat\u0131lan 500 ml \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r suyu \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinde 5-10 dakika kadar tutulur, sonra bol suyla durulan\u0131r ve g\u00fcne\u015fte kurutulur. Haz\u0131rlanan sodal\u0131 suya 250 gr Kalsiyum klorit ilave edilirse daha g\u00fcvenilir bir dezenfeksiyon ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n
b) K\u00fcll\u00fc Su : Potasyum hipoklorit yoksa, metal ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k malzemeleri % 1’lik k\u00fcll\u00fc suda 1 saat kaynat\u0131larak da dezenfekte edilebilir.<\/p>\n
c) Zefiran : 100 ml’de 10 gr Benzalkonyum klor\u00fcr i\u00e7erir. Maske, eldiven gibi k\u0131yafetlerin sterilizasyonu i\u00e7in 1\/4000’lik eri\u011fiyi tercih edilmeli ve \u00e7\u00f6zelti i\u00e7in saf su kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
d) Hidrojen peroksit (H2O2): Oksijenli su olarak da bilinir. % 1’lik H2O2 \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi ile ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k alet ve ekipmanlar\u0131, bo\u015f kovanlar ve \u00e7er\u00e7eveler sprey \u015feklinde ila\u00e7 p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclerek dezenfekte edilebilir.<\/p>\n
e) Kloramin: Bo\u015f kovan ve peteklerin dezenfeksiyonunda % 4’l\u00fck kloramin \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi de kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130la\u00e7la Tedavi<\/p>\n
Amerikan Yavru \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya ar\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok tehlikeli bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Tedavi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kimyasallar dikkatli se\u00e7ilip uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hatal\u0131 ila\u00e7 uygulamalar\u0131 balda kal\u0131nt\u0131 problemi yaratabilir. Amerikan yavru \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr g\u00f6r\u00fclmez ila\u00e7la tedavinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra “Transmasyon” (\u00c7ekirdek koloniler, yani dayan\u0131kl\u0131 kolonilerin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131) uygulamas\u0131 da yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ar\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in son y\u0131llarda ila\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6nemli derecede yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak ila\u00e7lar\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle, antibiyotiklerin geli\u015fi g\u00fczel kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 beklenen ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilemi\u015ftir. Zira baz\u0131 hastal\u0131k yap\u0131c\u0131 mikroorganizma t\u00fcrlerinin yayg\u0131n ve bilin\u00e7sizce kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ila\u00e7lara kar\u015f\u0131 tolerans\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi diren\u00e7li su\u015flar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 da ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olmu\u015ftur. Bu nedenle ila\u00e7 se\u00e7iminin \u00f6zellikle antibiyotik se\u00e7iminin yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda hastal\u0131k etkenlerinin antibiyotiklere kar\u015f\u0131 duyarl\u0131l\u0131k derecelerinin bilinmesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck yarar vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00f6zellikle Tar\u0131m ve K\u00f6yi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bal ar\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in bu ama\u00e7la ruhsatland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve veteriner hekim re\u00e7etesi ile sat\u0131lacak ila\u00e7lar kullan\u0131lmak suretiyle ila\u00e7lama yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
ARILARIN \u0130MHASI<\/p>\n
Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ileri safhalar\u0131nda AY\u00c7 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ila\u00e7larla \u00f6nlenmesi pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamaktad\u0131r. Bu durumda ar\u0131 ailesi ve \u00e7er\u00e7evelerin (petekleri ile birlikte) hepsi yak\u0131larak imha edilir. \u00f6nce ak\u015fam \u00fczeri ar\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmeleri gerekir. Bunun i\u00e7in kovan\u0131n u\u00e7ma deli\u011fi kapat\u0131l\u0131r, \u00e7er\u00e7evelerin \u00fczerine kalsiyum siyanid, etilasetat ya da herhangi bir insektisit uygulanarak ar\u0131lar \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Yakma i\u015flemi i\u00e7in, \u00e7ukur kaz\u0131larak i\u00e7inde \u00e7er\u00e7eveler (petekleri ile birlikte) ve \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ar\u0131lar toplan\u0131r ve benzin v.s. d\u00f6k\u00fclerek yak\u0131l\u0131rlar. Yakma i\u015fi tamamland\u0131ktan sonra \u00e7ukur toprakla kapat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bu i\u015flemler ar\u0131l\u0131ktan biraz uzak bir yerde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Is\u0131ya dayan\u0131kl\u0131 kovan\u0131n g\u00f6vde, kapak ve dip tahtas\u0131 ile i\u015fletmede kullan\u0131lan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc malzeme yukar\u0131da yaz\u0131lan dezenfektan maddelerle dezenfekte edilip, y\u00fczeyler iyice kaz\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra p\u00fcrm\u00fczle yak\u0131larak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verilir.<\/p>\n
Strofor kovanlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na ise \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r suyu ile y\u0131kand\u0131ktan ve 2 g\u00fcn g\u00fcne\u015fte kurutulduktan sonra izin verilir.<\/p>\n
TE?\u00fbH\u0130S \u0130\u00c7\u0130N LABORATUVARA MARAZ\u0130 MADDE G\u00f6NDERME<\/p>\n
Herhangi bir ar\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda do\u011fru te\u015fhis g\u00f6nderilen numuneye ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Petek numunesi yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak
\n10 x 10 cm ebad\u0131nda ve m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar renk de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi olan ve \u00f6l\u00fc larva i\u00e7erir \u015fekilde olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Numunede hi\u00e7 bal olmamal\u0131 yada \u00e7ok az bal i\u00e7ermelidir. Numune gev\u015fek \u015fekilde ambalajlanmal\u0131 ve ambalaj i\u015fleminde plastik \u00e7anta, al\u00fcminyum folyo, ya\u011fl\u0131 ka\u011f\u0131t, teneke veya cam gibi malzemeler kesin te\u015fhisi imkans\u0131z hale getirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Numune tahta veya kal\u0131n karton kutularla g\u00f6nderilmelidir. E\u011fer pete\u011fin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 g\u00f6nderilemiyorsa herhangi bir test i\u00e7in yeterince materyal i\u00e7eren petek g\u00f6z\u00fc de yeterli olabilir.<\/p>\n
(KAYNAK: Bal Ar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n AY\u00c7 Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 Korunma ve M\u00fccadele Talimat\u0131) <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Amerikan Yavru \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (AY\u00c7), ar\u0131lar\u0131n yavru hastal\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde olduk\u00e7a bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her taraf\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen, \u00f6nemli ve en tehlikeli bakteriyel hastal\u0131klar\u0131ndan biridir. Yavru ar\u0131larda Paenibacillus larvae taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan infeksiy\u00f6z, olduk\u00e7a bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Amerikan yavru \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hemen her \u00fclkede; \u0130hbar\u0131 Mecburi Hastal\u0131klar aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Bir yerde salg\u0131n bir ar\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haber alanlar …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12118","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","","category-ari-hastaliklari"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12118","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12118"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12118\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12119,"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12118\/revisions\/12119"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12118"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12118"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.beyazkovan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12118"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}